Lahore
Lahore (/ləˈhɔːr/; Punjabi: لہور; Urdu: لاہور) may be a town within the Pakistan province of Punjab. Lahore is that the country's second-most thickly settled town once city AND is one among Pakistan's wealthiest cities with an calculable gross domestic product of $58.14 billion (PPP) as of 2015. Lahore is the largest city, and historic cultural Centre of the Punjab region,and one of Pakistan's most socially liberal ,progressive, and cosmopolitan cities.
Lahore's origins reach into antiquity. The city has been controlled by various empires throughout the course of its history, as well as the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, and urban center country by the medieval era.
Ø Etymology
The origins of Lahore's name are unclear. Lahore's name had been recorded by early Muslim historians as Lōhar, Lōhār, and Rahwar. Al-Biruni referred to the city as Lohāwar in his 11th century work, Qanun, while the poet Amir Khusrow, who lived during the Delhi Sultanate, recorded the city's name as Lāhanūr. Medieval Rajput sources recorded the city's name as Lavkot.
Main articles: History of Lahore and Timeline of Lahore
Ø Early
No definitive records exist to elucidate Lahore's earliest history, and Lahore's ambiguous early history have given rise to numerous theories concerning its institution and history. Hindu mythology states that Keneksen, the founder of the mythological Suryavansha dynasty, is believed to have migrated out from the city. Early records of Lahore are scant, but Alexander the Great's historians create no mention of any town close to Lahore's location throughout his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting town had not been based by that time, or was unimporta.
Ptolemy mentions in his Geographia a town known as Labokla located close to the Chenab and Ravi stream which can are in respect to ancient Lahore, or AN abandoned precursor of the city Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang gave a vivid description of an oversized and prosperous nameless town once he visited the region in 630 cerium that has been known as Lahore.
Ø Medieval
Main article: Early Muslim period in Lahore
Ø Ghaznavid
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni captured Lahore on AN unsure date, however beneath Ghaznavid rule, Lahore emerged effectively as the empire's second capital.In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed Malik Ayaz to the Throne of Lahore—a position of the Ghaznavid Empire. The city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious Governor of Multan, in 1034, though his forces were expelled by leader Ayaz in
With the support of Sultan Ibrahim Ghaznavi, Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. Ayaz erected town walls and a masonry fort inbuilt 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one, that had been razed throughout the Ghaznavid invasion.
Ø Mamluk
In 1187, the Ghurids invaded Lahore, ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was created capital of the Mamluk phratry of the urban center country following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk grand Turk Qutbu l-Din Aibak, Lahore attracted poets and students from as distant as geographical region, Greater Khorasan, Persia, and Iraq. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any city in Persia
Following the death of Aibak, Lahore came to be controversial among Ghurid officers. The city first came under control of the Governor of Multan, Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, before being briefly captured by the sultan of the Mamluks in Delhi, Iltutmish, in 1217
Ø Tughluq
The city briefly flourished again under the reign of Ghazi Malik of the Tughluq dynasty between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329, by Tarmashirin of the Central Asian Chagatai Khanate, and then again by the Mongol chief Hülec Khokhars seized Lahore in but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, Muhammad bin Tughluq. The weakened town then fell into obscurity, and was captured once more by the Khokhars in 1394. By the time Timur captured the city in 1398 from Shayka Khokhar, he did not loot it as a result of it had been not affluent
Timur gave control of the Lahore region to Khizr Khan, Governor of Multan, who later established the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.Lahore was briefly occupied by the Timurid Governor of Kabul in 1432-33. Lahore began to be incurred upon yet again the Khokhar tribe, and so the city was granted to Bahlul Lodi in 1441 by the Sayyid dynasty in Delhi, though Lodi would displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing him
Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with Sikandar Lodi in 14 Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of Daulat Khan Lodi, son of Tatar Khan and former employer of Guru Nanak – founder of the Sikh faith.
Late Sultanates
Ø Mughal
Main article: Mughal period in Lahore
Ø Early Mughal
Babur, the founding father of the Mughal Empire, captured Lahore in 1524 after being invited to invade by Daulat Khan Lodi, the Lodi governor of Lahore. The city became refuge to Humayun and his first cousin Kamran Mirza once Sher Shah of Iran Suri rose in power on the Gangetic Plains, displacing Mughal power. Sher Shah of Iran Suri continued to rise in power, and seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history. Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded a lot of Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either urban center or city.