Multan
Multan (Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu: مُلتان [mʊltaːn] (About this soundlisten)) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. Located on the banks of the Chenab stream, Multan is Pakistan's seventh largest town,and is that the major cultural and economic centre of southern geographical area.
Multan's history stretches deep into antiquity. The ancient town was web site of the famed Multan Sun Temple, and was enclosed by Alexander the good throughout the Mallian Campaign. Multan was one among the foremost vital trading centres of medieval Moslem India and attracted a large number of Sufi mystics within the eleventh and twelfth centuries, earning town the nickname town of Saints. The city, in conjunction with the near town of Uch, is celebrated for its giant assortment of Sufi shrines chemical analysis from that era.
EtymologyThe origin of Multan's name is unclear. Multan could derive its name from the recent Persian word mulastāna, that means “frontier land,” or presumably from the Indo-Aryan word mūlasthāna, that itself is also derived from the Hindu deity worshipped at the Multan Sun Temple.Hukm Chand in the 19th century suggested that the city was named after an ancient Hindu tribe that was named Mul.
Main article: History of Multan
· Ancient
The Multan region has been ceaselessly colonized for a minimum of five,000 years. The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley Civilisation,dating from 3300 BCE until 2800 BCE.
According to the Persian scholar Firishta, the town was based by an excellent grandchild of patriarch. in keeping with Hindu spiritual texts, Multan was based by the Hindu sage Kashyapaand conjointly asserts Multan because the capital of the Trigarta Kingdom dominated by the Katoch family at the time of the Kurukshetra War that's central the Hindu heroic poem, the Mahabharata
· Greek invasion
Multan is believed to possess been the Malli capital that was conquered by Alexander the nice in 326 BCE as a part of the Mallian Campaign. During the besieging of the city's stronghold, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel,where he killed the Mallians' leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his respiratory organ, going him severely injured . During Alexander's era, Multan was located on an island in the Ravi river, which has since shifted course numerous times throughout the centuries
· Early Islamic
After his conquest of Sindh, Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE captured Multan from the local ruler Chach of Alor following a two-month siege.Muhammad bin Qasim's army was running out of provides, however Multan's defences were still holding robust. His army was considering a retreat once associate degree nameless Multani came to him and told him concerning and underground canal from that they derived their sustenance. He told them that if Muhammad's army were to dam that canal, Multan would be beneath their management. Muhammad bin Qasim blocked the canal and shortly took management of Multan. Following bin Qasim's conquest, the city's subjects remained mostly non-Muslim for the next few centuries
· Abbassid Amirate
By the mid-800s, the Banu Munabbih (also referred to as the Banu Sama), World Health Organization claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad's Quraysh tribe came to rule Multan, and established the Amirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next ce]
During this era, the Multan Sun Temple was noted by the tenth century Arab expert Al-Muqaddasi to possess been set in a very most inhabited a part of town. The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues, by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues. During this time, the city's Arabic nickname was Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab, ("Frontier House of Gold"), reflecting the importance of the temple to the city's economy
· Qarmatian Amirate
By the middle tenth century, Multan had return beneath the influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled from Egypt and Republic of Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. Qarmatians zealots had magnificently pillaged Mecca, and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the Kaaba's Black Stone, and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih, and established the Amirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to the Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty based in Cairon
GhaznavidMahmud of Ghazni in 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud. The city was relinquished, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism. In 1007, Mahmud led an expedition to Multan against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in collusion with Abdul Fateh Daud of Multan.