Pakistan Cities

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Gujranwala

· Introduction

Gujranwala (Punjabi, Urdu: گوجرانوالا‎) could be a town in Punjab, Pakistan, that's situated north of the near city of city. The city is Pakistan's 7th most-populous metropolitan area, and its 5th most populous city proper. Founded within the eighteenth century, Gujranwala could be a comparatively trendy city compared to the various near millennia-old cities of northern Punjab. The city served because the capital of the Sukerchakia Misl state between 1763 and 1799, and is that the birthplace of the founding father of the Sikh Empire, maharajah Ranjit Singh.

Gujranwala is currently Pakistan's third largest industrial Centre when city and city, and contributes five-hitter of Pakistan's national value. Town is an element of a network of huge urban centres in north-east Punjab province that forms one of Pakistan's mostly highly industrialized regions. Along with the nearby cities of Sialkot and Gujrat, Gujranwala forms part of the so-called Golden Triangle of industrial cities with export-oriented economies.

· Etymology

Gujranwala's name means "Abode of the Gujjars" in Punjabi, and was named in reference to the Gujjar tribe of nomads and grazers that live in northern Punjab. One local narrative suggests that city was named in respect to a particular Gujjar, Choudhry Gujjar, owner of the city's Persian wheel that provided water to the town. proof suggests, however, that the city derives its name from Serai Gujran - a village once located near what is now Gujranwala's Khiyali Gate.

· History

· Founding

The exact origins of Gujranwala are unclear. Unlike the traditional near cities of city, Sialkot, and Eminabad, Gujranwala could be a comparatively trendy town. It may are established as a village within the middle of the sixteenth century. Locals historically believe that Gujranwala's original name was Khanpur Shansi, tho' recent scholarship suggests that the village was probably Serai Gujran instead - a village once settled close to what's currently Gujranwala's Khiyali Gate that was mentioned by many sources throughout the eighteenth century invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani.

· Sikh

Following the 1707 death of the last of the great Mughal emperors, Aurangzeb, and the subsequent decline of Mughal power, various Sikh states came to control the region around what is now modern Gujranwala.[8] Charat Singh, ruler of the Sukerchakia Misl Sikh estate and the local Muslim chief Muhammad Yar joined forces to defeat Nader Shah's 1738 invasion of the region, which might later culminate within the sacking of city.

Charat Singh had a fort built in the area between 1756 and 1758, which was laid siege to in September 1761 by Khwaja Ubaid, Governor of Lahore. He then elevated the city to status of capital of his Misl in 1763.Charat Singh's grandson Ranjit Singh was born in Gujranwala in 1780 in the city's Purani Mandi market, and would later established the Sikh Empire that would control Punjab until the arrival of the British.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh maintained Gujranwala as his capital at first when rising to power in 1792. His military commander, Hari Singh Nalwa, designed a high mud wall around Gujranwala throughout this era, and established the city's new grid street-plan that exists till gift day.Gujranwala remained Ranjit Singh's capital till he captured the near previous Mughal capital of city from the Durranis in 1799, at that purpose the capital was moved there, resulting in the relative decline of Gujranwala in favour of city. princess Jind Kaur, the last queen of Ranjit Singh and mother of Maharaja Duleep Singh, was born in Gujranwala in 1817.

By 1839, the city's bazaars were home to associate calculable five hundred outlets, while the city had been surrounded by a number of pleasure gardens, including one established by Hari Nalwa Singh that was famed for its large array of exotic plants.

· British

The area was captured by Brits Empire in 1848, and rapidly developed thereafter.Gujranwala was incorporated as a municipality in 1867, and the city's Brandreth, Khiyali, and Lahori Gates built atop the location of a Sikh-era gates were completed in 1869.A new clocktower was built in central Gujranwala to mark the city's centre in 1906.

Christian missionaries were brought to the region during British colonial rule, and Gujranwala became home to numerous churches and schools. The city's first Presbyterian Church was established in 1875 in the Civil Lines area - a settlement built one mile north of the old city to house Gujranwala's European population. A theological seminary was established in 1877, and a Christian technical school in 1900.

The North-Western Railway connected Gujranwala with different cities in British India by hold in 1881.[8] The major Sikh higher learning institution, Gujranwala Guru Nanak Khalsa College, was founded in Gujranwala in 1889, though it later shifted to Ludhiana. The nearby Khanki Headworks were completed in 1892 under British rule, and helped irrigate 3 million acres in the province.Gujranwala's population, according to the 1901 census of British India, was 29,224.The city continued to grow rapidly for the remainder of British rule.

Riots erupted in Gujranwala following the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar in April 1919, and were the most violent reaction to the British massacre in all of the Indian Subcontinent. Riots cause the harm of the city's depot, and burning of the city's Tehsil Office, Clock Tower, Dak Bangla, and city courts. Much of the city's historical record was burnt within the attacked offices. Protestors in the city, nearby villages, and a procession from Dhullay were fired upon with machine-guns mounted to low-flying planes, and subjected to aerial bombardment from the Royal Air Force below the management of Reginald Edward Harry skilled worker.

Hyderabad

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Hyderabad

· Introduction

Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbɑːd/ (About this sound listen) HY-dər-ə-bad) is the capital of the Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh. Occupying 650 square kilometers (250 sq mi) along the banks of the Musi stream, Hyderabad town contains a population of regarding vi.9 million and about 9.7 million in Hyderabad Metropolitan Region, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 meters (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar—predating the city's founding—north of the city center.

Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained below the rule of the Qutb Shahi sept for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own folk, called the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state throughout the land rule, and remained thus for one hundred fifty years, with the city serving as its capital. The city continued because the capital of Hyderabad State once it had been brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and have become the capital of state when the States Reorganization Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam within the town has been the winter workplace of the President of India. In 2014, the fresh shaped state of Telangana split from state and also the town became the joint capital of the 2 states, a shift arrangement regular to finish by 2025.

Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule stay visible; the Charminar—commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah—has a return to symbolize Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is evident in the region's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from totally different elements of the globe. Hyderabad emerged as a result of the foremost center of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire inside the mid-19th century, with artists migrating to town from the rest of the Indian subcontinent. The Telugu industry primarily based within the town is that the country's second-largest producer of motion photos.

Hyderabad was traditionally called a pearl and diamond commerce center, and it continues to be known as the "City of Pearls". Many of the city's ancient bazaars keep open, including Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar, and Sultan Bazaar. Industrialization throughout the twentieth century attracted major Indian analysis, producing and money establishments, including Defence Research and Development Organization, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, the National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. Special economic zones dedicated to info technology have inspired firms from India and around the world to line up operations in Hyderabad. The emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries within the Nineties LED to the area's naming as India's "Genome Valley". With AN output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India's overall

· History

· Toponymy

According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from Haydar (lion) and ābād (city), and was named to honour the caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally known as Baghnagar (city of gardens). One common theory suggests that the founding father of town, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah of the source state, named it after Bhagmati, a local dance (dancing) lady with whom he had fallen crazy. She reborn to Islam and adopted the title, Hyder Mahal. The city was named as Hyderabad in her honor.

According to German person Heinrich von Poser, whose travelog of the Deccan was translated by Gita Dharampal-Frick of Heidelberg University, there have been 2 names for the city: "On three Dec 1622, we tend to reached town of Bagneger or Hyderabad, the seat of the king ruler Mehemet Culi Cuttub Shah and also the capital of the kingdom". French person Jean Delaware Thévenot visited the Deccan region in 1666–1667 refers to city in his book Travels in India as "Bagnagar and Aiderabad".

· Early and medieval history

Archaeologists excavating near to city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may return 5 hundred BCE.The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda (Golla Konda-"shepherd's hill"),and was dominated by the Chalukya folk from 624 Ce to 1075 Ce.[9] Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the management of the Kakatiya folk from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal, 148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted till 1321, once the Kakatiya folk was annexed by leader Kafur, Allaudin Khalji's general. throughout this era, Alauddin Khalji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, that is claimed to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golkonda, to Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga, 200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad, as its capital. The Hyderabad space was below the management of the Musunuri Nayaks at now, who, however, were forced to cede it to the Bahmani Sultanate in 1364. The Bahmani kings dominated the region till 1518 and were the primary freelance Muslim rulers of the Deccan.

Faisalabad

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Faisalabad

· Introduction

Faisalabad (Urdu: فیصل آباد‎; English: /fɑːɪsɑːlˌbɑːd/), at just one occasion known as Faisalabad, is that the third-most-populous city in Asian nation, and so the second-largest inside the Nip province of Punjab. Historically one among the primary planned cities inside British India, it's long ago developed into a cosmopolitan metropolis. Faisalabad was restructured into district status; a devolution publicized by the 2001 authorities ordinance (LGO). The total house of city District is 5,856 km2 (2,261 sq mi) while the area controlled by the Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) is 1,280 km2 (490 sq mi).:8 Faisalabad has adult to become a serious industrial and distribution centre due to its central location within the region and connecting roads, rails, and air transportation. It has been mentioned because the "Manchester of Pakistan".Faisalabad contributes over 20 percent of Punjab's GDP, and has an average annual GDP of $20.5 billion.Agriculture and industry remain its hallmark.

The surrounding rural area, irrigated by the lower Chenab River, produces cotton, wheat, sugarcane, maize, vegetables and fruits. The city is AN industrial centre with major railway repair yards, engineering works, and mills that process sugar, flour, and oil seed. Faisalabad is also a significant producer of superphosphates, cotton and silk textiles, hosiery, dyes, industrial chemicals, beverages, clothing, pulp and paper, printing, agricultural equipment, and ghee (clarified butter). The city Chamber of Commerce and business monitors industrial activity within the town and reports their findings to the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and business and provincial government. The city incorporates a major dry port and international airdrome.

· History

· Toponymy

Faisalabad district really began as Faisalabad district in 1904 and before that, was a tehsil of Jhang district. During the British Raj, the city Lyallpur was named in honour of the then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir James Broadwood Lyall, for his services in the colonisation of the lower Chenab Valley. His family name Lyall was joined with "pur" that in recent Sanskrit language suggests that town. In 1979, the govt of Pakistan modified the name of the town from Faisalabad to city (meaning town of Faisal), in honour of King Faisal of Asian nation, who made several financial contributions to Pakistan.

· Early settlements

According to the University of Faisalabad, the town of metropolis traces its origins to the eighteenth century once the land was occupied by variety of forest-dwelling tribes. It is believed these early settlements belonged to the ancient districts of Jhang and Sandalbar, which included the area between Shahdara to Shorekot and Sangla Hill to Toba Tek Singh.

· Colonial rule

By the mid-18th century, the economic and body collapse of provinces at intervals the Mughal Empire, from Punjab to Bengal, led to its dissolution. Internal unrest resulted in multiple battles for independence and any deterioration of the region, which then led to formal colonialisation as established by the Government of India Act 1858, with direct management underneath British rule from 1858 to 1947. In 1880, Poham Young CIE, a British colonial officer, proposed construction of a new strategic town within the area. His proposal was supported by Sir James Broadwood Lyall and therefore the town of Lyall was developed. Historically, Faisalabad, (Lyallpur until 1979), became one of the first planned cities within British India.

Young designed the city centre to replicate the design in the Union Jack with eight roads extending from a large clock tower at its epicentre; a design geometrically symbolic of the Cross of Saint Andrew counterchanged with the Cross of Saint Patrick, and Saint George's Cross over all. The eight roads developed into eight separate bazaars (markets) resulting in totally different regions of the Punjab. In 1892, the recently created city with its growing agricultural surplus was added to British rail network. Construction of the rail link between Wazirabad and city was completed in 1895. In 1896, Gujranwala, Jhang and Sahiwal comprising the Tehsils of urban center were underneath the executive management of the Jhang District.

· Government and public services

· Civic administration

Faisalabad was restructured into district status; a devolution publicized by the 2001 authorities ordinance (LGO).it's ruled by the town district's seven departments: Agriculture, Community Development, Education, Finance and coming up with, Health, Municipal Services, and Works and Services. The district coordination officer of city (DCO) is head of the town district government and answerable for co-ordinating and supervision the executive units. Each of the seven departments has its own Executive District Officer who is charged with co-ordinating and overseeing the activities of their respective departments

· Tehsil municipal administration

In 2005, Faisalabad was organized as a district composed of eight Tehsil municipal administrations (TMAs). The functions of the TMA include preparation of the spatial and land use plans, management of these development plans and exercise of control over land use, land sub-division, land development and zoning by public and private sectors, enforcement of municipal laws, rules and by-laws, provision and management of water, drain waste and sanitation alongside allied municipal services.

· Faisalabad Development Authority

The Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) was validly established in October 1976 beneath The geographic region Development of Cities Act (1976) to regulate, supervise and implement development activities in its jurisdiction space. The Food and Drug Administration acts as a political body for the event of the town and is responsible of transcription and supervision major developments inside the town. It is responsible for the administration of building regulations, management of parks and gardens and subsoil water management. The federal agency works with the Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) to manage and maintain the water system, sewerage and drainage. The Food and Drug Administration works to enhance conditions within the slums.

· Healthcare

Healthcare services area unit provided to the voters by each public and personal sector hospitals. The government–run hospitals area unit Allied Hospital, District headquarters Hospital, Institute of kid Care, PINUM Cancer Hospital, Faisalabad Institute of medical specialty (FIC) and General Hospitals in Ghulam Muhammadabad and Samanabad. There are a number of private hospitals, clinics and laboratories in the city.

Islamabad

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Islamabad

v introduction of Islamabad

Islamabad (/ɪsˈlɑːməˌbɑːd/; Urdu: اسلام آباد‎,Punjabi: اسلام آباد Islāmābād [ɪsˌlɑːmɑːˈbɑːd]) is the capital city of Pakistan and is federally administered as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Built as a planned town within the Sixties to switch Karachi as Pakistan's capital, capital of Pakistan is noted for its high standards of living, safety, and luxuriant verdure.

With a population of one,014,825 as per the 2017 Census, Islamabad is the 9th largest city in Pakistan, while the larger Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country's third largest with a population prodigious four mill town is that the political seat of Asian country and is run by the capital of Pakistan Metropolitan Corporation, supported by the Capital Development Authority (CDA).

Islamabad is found within the Pothohar highland within the northeastern a part of the country, between city District and also the Margalla Hills park to the north. The region has traditionally been a region of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with the Margalla Pass acting because of the entranceway between the 2 regions

The city's master plan, designed by Greek creator Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis, divides the city into eight zones, including administrative, diplomatic enclave, residential areas, educational sectors, industrial sectors, commercial areas, and rural and green areas. The city is understood for the presence of many parks and forests, as well as the Margalla Hills park and Shakarparian Park.The city is home to several landmarks, including the king place of worship, the most important place of worship in South Asia[ and also the fourth largest within the world. Other landmarks embrace the Pakistan's monument and Democracy sq..

Islamabad may be a beta-world city; it's categorized as terribly high on the Human Development Index, with AN HDI of zero.875, the 2nd highest in the country after Lahore. The city has the very best price of living in Asian country, and its population is dominated by middle and higher class voters. The city is home to twenty universities, as well as the Quaid-e-Azam University, PIEAS, COMSATS Institute of Information Tech The city is one of the safest in Pakistan, and has AN expansive closed-circuit television with one,900 CCTV cameras.[6]

v History

v Early history

Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau of the Punjab region, is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia.Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan stream testify to the endeavours of early man within the inter-glacial amount.Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found.

Excavations by Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone reveal proof of a prehistory within the space. Relics and human skulls are found chemical analysis back to 5000 BCE that indicate the region was home to Neolithic peoples UN agency settled on the banks of the Swaan River,and UN agency later developed tiny communities within the region around 3000 BCE.

The Indus depression Civilization flourished within the region between the twenty third and eighteenth centuries BCE. Later the world was AN early settlement of the Aryan community that migrated into the region from Central Asia. several nice armies like those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane and Ahmad monarch Durrani crossed the region throughout their invasions of the Indian landmass.

v Construction and development

When Asian country gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of Karachi was its first national capital. In the Sixties, capital of Pakistan was created as a forward capital for many reasons. Traditionally, development in Pakistan was focused on the colonial centre of Karachi - a tradition which President Ayub Khan wished to abolish. Karachi was additionally situated at the southern finish of the country, and exposed to attacks from the Arabian Sea. Pakistan required a capital that was simply accessible from all elements of the country. Karachi, a business centre, was additionally thought-about unsuitable part as a result of intervention of business interests in government affairs.

v Recent history

Islamabad has attracted folks from everywhere Asian nation, creating it one in all the foremost cosmopolitan and urbanized cities of Asian country.As the capital town it's hosted variety of vital meetings, like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit.

In Gregorian calendar month 2005, town suffered harm thanks to the 2005 Jammu and Kashmir earthquake that had a magnitude of seven.6. Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 besieging of Lal musjid (Red Mosque), the Gregorian calendar month 2008 Danish embassy bombing, and the September 2008 Marriott bombing. In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people,

v Climate

Islamabad incorporates a wet semitropic climate (Köppen: Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is Gregorian calendar month, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F).

Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. The latter is found on the Haro stream close to the city of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam is thirty kilometres (19 mi) north of capital of Pakistan. 220 acres (89 ha) of town consists of Margalla Hills park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha). The highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 mm (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995. Winters usually feature dense fog within the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher-elevation points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali. The temperatures vary from thirteen °C (55 °F) in Gregorian calendar month to thirty eight °C (100 °F) in Gregorian calendar month. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was −6 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967

KARACHI

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KARACHI

v Introduction of karachi

Karachi (Urdu: کراچی‎; ALA-LC: Karācī, IPA: [kəˈraːtʃi] (About this sound listen); Sindhi: ڪراچي‎) is that the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh. It is the most populous city in Pakistaand sixth-most-populous city proper in the world. Ranked as a beta world city, the city is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre and is considered as the cultural, economic, philanthropic, educational, and political hub of the country. Karachi is also Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city. Situated on the Arabian Sea, Karachi serves as a transport hub, and is home to Pakistan's 2 largest seaports, the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim, as well as the Pakistan's busiest airport, Jinnah International Airport.

Though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia,the city was founded as the fortified village of Kolachi in 1729

v Etymology

Karachi was apparently supported in 1729 because the settlement of Kolachi.The new settlement is claimed to possess been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodilian reptile within the village once his elder brothers had already been killed by it

v History

History of city and Timeline of city history

v Early history

Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites discovered by a team from Karachi University on the Mulri Hills constitute one of the most important archaeological discoveries made in Sindh during the last 50 years. The earliest inhabitants of the city region area unit believed to possess been hunter-gatherers, with ancient flint tools discovered at many sites. A ocean port known as Barbarikon by the Greeks was located in city.

The Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient Greeks. The region could also be the location of Krokola, wherever Alexander the good once camped to arrange a fleet for Babylonia, as well as Morontobara which may possibly be Karachi's Manora neighbourhood.

v Kolachi settlement

Karachi was founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi under the rule of the ethnically Baloch Talpur Mirs of Sindh.The founders of the settlement are said to arrived from the close city of Karak Bandar once the harbour there silted in large integer once serious rains. The settlement was fortified, and defended with cannons foreign by Sindhi sailors from Muscat, Oman. The name Karachee was used for the first time in a Dutch document from 1742, in which a merchant ship de Ridderkerk is shipwrecked near the original settlement.The city continuing to be dominated by the Talpur Mirs till it had been occupied by forces beneath the command of John Keane in February 1839.

v British Raj

The British East Indies Company captured city on three February 1839 once HMS Wellesley opened hearth and quickly destroyed the native mud fort at Manora. The city was annexed to British India in 1843. Later a large part Sindh region was captured by Major General Charles James Napier after the victory in the Battle of Miani, and the city was declared capital of the newly formed Sindh province.

The city was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting British people to ascertain the Port of city in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of recently irrigated land in Punjab and interior Sindh.

v Post-independence

At the dawn of independence following the success of the Pakistan Movement in 1947, Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000.Despite communal violence across India and Pakistan, city remained comparatively peaceful compared to cities more north in Punjab.The city became the focus for the resettlement of Muslim Muhajirs migrating from India, leading to a dramatic expansion of the city's population. This migration lasted till the Nineteen Sixties.This immigration ultimately remodeled the city's demographics and economy.

v Geography

Karachi is found on the outline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, on a natural harbour on the sea. Karachi is made on a coastal plains with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and coastal marshlands. Coastal mangrove forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour, and farther southeast towards the expansive Indus River Delta. West of city town is that the Cape Monze, locally known as Ras Muari, which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and undeveloped beaches.

Within the town of city area unit 2 tiny ranges: the Khasa Hills and Mulri Hills, which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between North Nazimabad Town and Orangi city.Karachi's hills are barren and are part of the larger Kirthar Range, and have a maximum elevation of 528 metres (1,732 feet).

v Climate

Karachi has Associate in Nursing arid climate (Köppen: BWh) dominated by a protracted

Summer Season" whereas tempered by oceanic influence from the sea. The city has low annual average precipitation levels (approx. 250 metric linear unit (10 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July–August monsoon season. While the summers area unit hot and wet, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves,though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017. The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant relative to the warm hot season, which starts in March and lasts until monsoons arrive in June. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round.

v Cityscape

The city 1st developed round the city Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century,contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar. Karachi's Mithadar neighbourhood represents the extent of Kolachi before British rule.

British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town," with British investments focused primarily in the New Town.

Lahore

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Lahore

Ø Lahore

Lahore (/ləˈhɔːr/; Punjabi: لہور; Urdu: لاہور‎) may be a town within the Pakistan province of Punjab. Lahore is that the country's second-most thickly settled town once city AND is one among Pakistan's wealthiest cities with an calculable gross domestic product of $58.14 billion (PPP) as of 2015. Lahore is the largest city, and historic cultural Centre of the Punjab region,and one of Pakistan's most socially liberal ,progressive, and cosmopolitan cities.

Lahore's origins reach into antiquity. The city has been controlled by various empires throughout the course of its history, as well as the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, and urban center country by the medieval era.

Ø Etymology

The origins of Lahore's name are unclear. Lahore's name had been recorded by early Muslim historians as Lōhar, Lōhār, and Rahwar. Al-Biruni referred to the city as Lohāwar in his 11th century work, Qanun, while the poet Amir Khusrow, who lived during the Delhi Sultanate, recorded the city's name as Lāhanūr. Medieval Rajput sources recorded the city's name as Lavkot.

Ø History

Main articles: History of Lahore and Timeline of Lahore

Ø Early

No definitive records exist to elucidate Lahore's earliest history, and Lahore's ambiguous early history have given rise to numerous theories concerning its institution and history. Hindu mythology states that Keneksen, the founder of the mythological Suryavansha dynasty, is believed to have migrated out from the city. Early records of Lahore are scant, but Alexander the Great's historians create no mention of any town close to Lahore's location throughout his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting town had not been based by that time, or was unimporta.

Ptolemy mentions in his Geographia a town known as Labokla located close to the Chenab and Ravi stream which can are in respect to ancient Lahore, or AN abandoned precursor of the city Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang gave a vivid description of an oversized and prosperous nameless town once he visited the region in 630 cerium that has been known as Lahore.

Ø Medieval

Main article: Early Muslim period in Lahore

Ø Ghaznavid

Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni captured Lahore on AN unsure date, however beneath Ghaznavid rule, Lahore emerged effectively as the empire's second capital.In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed Malik Ayaz to the Throne of Lahore—a position of the Ghaznavid Empire. The city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious Governor of Multan, in 1034, though his forces were expelled by leader Ayaz in

With the support of Sultan Ibrahim Ghaznavi, Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. Ayaz erected town walls and a masonry fort inbuilt 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one, that had been razed throughout the Ghaznavid invasion.

Ø Mamluk

In 1187, the Ghurids invaded Lahore, ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was created capital of the Mamluk phratry of the urban center country following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk grand Turk Qutbu l-Din Aibak, Lahore attracted poets and students from as distant as geographical region, Greater Khorasan, Persia, and Iraq. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any city in Persia

Following the death of Aibak, Lahore came to be controversial among Ghurid officers. The city first came under control of the Governor of Multan, Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, before being briefly captured by the sultan of the Mamluks in Delhi, Iltutmish, in 1217

Ø Tughluq

The city briefly flourished again under the reign of Ghazi Malik of the Tughluq dynasty between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329, by Tarmashirin of the Central Asian Chagatai Khanate, and then again by the Mongol chief Hülec Khokhars seized Lahore in but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, Muhammad bin Tughluq. The weakened town then fell into obscurity, and was captured once more by the Khokhars in 1394. By the time Timur captured the city in 1398 from Shayka Khokhar, he did not loot it as a result of it had been not affluent

Timur gave control of the Lahore region to Khizr Khan, Governor of Multan, who later established the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.Lahore was briefly occupied by the Timurid Governor of Kabul in 1432-33. Lahore began to be incurred upon yet again the Khokhar tribe, and so the city was granted to Bahlul Lodi in 1441 by the Sayyid dynasty in Delhi, though Lodi would displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing him

Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with Sikandar Lodi in 14 Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of Daulat Khan Lodi, son of Tatar Khan and former employer of Guru Nanak – founder of the Sikh faith.

Late Sultanates

Ø Mughal

Main article: Mughal period in Lahore

Ø Early Mughal

Babur, the founding father of the Mughal Empire, captured Lahore in 1524 after being invited to invade by Daulat Khan Lodi, the Lodi governor of Lahore. The city became refuge to Humayun and his first cousin Kamran Mirza once Sher Shah of Iran Suri rose in power on the Gangetic Plains, displacing Mughal power. Sher Shah of Iran Suri continued to rise in power, and seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history. Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded a lot of Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either urban center or city.

Multan

at April 15, 2019 0

Multan

Multan (Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu: مُلتان ‎ [mʊltaːn] (About this soundlisten)) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. Located on the banks of the Chenab stream, Multan is Pakistan's seventh largest town,and is that the major cultural and economic centre of southern geographical area.

Multan's history stretches deep into antiquity. The ancient town was web site of the famed Multan Sun Temple, and was enclosed by Alexander the good throughout the Mallian Campaign. Multan was one among the foremost vital trading centres of medieval Moslem India and attracted a large number of Sufi mystics within the eleventh and twelfth centuries, earning town the nickname town of Saints. The city, in conjunction with the near town of Uch, is celebrated for its giant assortment of Sufi shrines chemical analysis from that era.

EtymologyThe origin of Multan's name is unclear. Multan could derive its name from the recent Persian word mulastāna, that means “frontier land,” or presumably from the Indo-Aryan word mūlasthāna, that itself is also derived from the Hindu deity worshipped at the Multan Sun Temple.Hukm Chand in the 19th century suggested that the city was named after an ancient Hindu tribe that was named Mul.

· History

Main article: History of Multan

· Ancient

The Multan region has been ceaselessly colonized for a minimum of five,000 years. The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley Civilisation,dating from 3300 BCE until 2800 BCE.

According to the Persian scholar Firishta, the town was based by an excellent grandchild of patriarch. in keeping with Hindu spiritual texts, Multan was based by the Hindu sage Kashyapaand conjointly asserts Multan because the capital of the Trigarta Kingdom dominated by the Katoch family at the time of the Kurukshetra War that's central the Hindu heroic poem, the Mahabharata

· Greek invasion

Multan is believed to possess been the Malli capital that was conquered by Alexander the nice in 326 BCE as a part of the Mallian Campaign. During the besieging of the city's stronghold, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel,where he killed the Mallians' leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his respiratory organ, going him severely injured . During Alexander's era, Multan was located on an island in the Ravi river, which has since shifted course numerous times throughout the centuries

· Early Islamic

After his conquest of Sindh, Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE captured Multan from the local ruler Chach of Alor following a two-month siege.Muhammad bin Qasim's army was running out of provides, however Multan's defences were still holding robust. His army was considering a retreat once associate degree nameless Multani came to him and told him concerning and underground canal from that they derived their sustenance. He told them that if Muhammad's army were to dam that canal, Multan would be beneath their management. Muhammad bin Qasim blocked the canal and shortly took management of Multan. Following bin Qasim's conquest, the city's subjects remained mostly non-Muslim for the next few centuries

· Abbassid Amirate

By the mid-800s, the Banu Munabbih (also referred to as the Banu Sama), World Health Organization claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad's Quraysh tribe came to rule Multan, and established the Amirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next ce]

During this era, the Multan Sun Temple was noted by the tenth century Arab expert Al-Muqaddasi to possess been set in a very most inhabited a part of town. The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues, by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues. During this time, the city's Arabic nickname was Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab, ("Frontier House of Gold"), reflecting the importance of the temple to the city's economy

· Qarmatian Amirate

By the middle tenth century, Multan had return beneath the influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled from Egypt and Republic of Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. Qarmatians zealots had magnificently pillaged Mecca, and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the Kaaba's Black Stone, and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih, and established the Amirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to the Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty based in Cairon

GhaznavidMahmud of Ghazni in 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud. The city was relinquished, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism. In 1007, Mahmud led an expedition to Multan against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in collusion with Abdul Fateh Daud of Multan.

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